ABSTRACT Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is one of the most important raw materials of beer production. Despite being the third-largest producer and consumer of beer worldwide, Brazil imports almost all hops for production. Nitrogen is an essential macronutrient for hop development and its behavior under different doses is still unknown for Brazilian conditions. Our goal was to evaluate the dry matter and essential oil yields of the Chinook hop fertilized with five N rates during three harvests. Leaves, branches, and cones were sampled to determine their dry matter production, and cones were also analyzed for essential oil contents, extracted by hydrodistillation. Cone number per plant, cone, branch, and leaf dry matter yields, as well as total essential oil yield per plant, increased linearly as nitrogen rates were raised. The production of DM of cones obtained ranged between 245.8 (N:0) and 386.7 kg ha-1 (N:250 kg N ha-1). Yield differences were also noted between harvest years due to weather conditions. Therefore, we can conclude that increasing N rates and climatic conditions affect N contents in hop leaves, as well as hops overall and oil yields, due to the higher cone dry matter. However, essential oil contents in cone dry matter did not change.

ABSTRACT. Grapevine is a fruit species of great agronomic interest since both fresh fruit and wine are highly marketable products. Therefore, there is growing interest in this crop among researchers in the pursuit of increased yields and better cultivation conditions. Asexual propagation is the most commonly used method for propagating grapevine seedlings, with cuttings used for rootstock formation and subsequent grafting of materials to form the canopy. The rootstock is responsible for support, water, and nutrient uptake, thus determining the vigor of the plant; therefore, it is essential to understand the suitable conditions in which roots can thrive and thereby enhance plant growth. The type of cutting, type of substrate, and application of exogenous auxins are among the factors that interfere with the rooting of grapevine rootstocks, and determining and implementing the best combination of these factors could provide for more vigorous plants. Reviewing high-quality published scientific research from diverse countries is a method of identifying data, grouping information, and obtaining reliable answers. Furthermore, it can allow for the detection and grouping of the main factors affecting the rooting of grapevine cuttings, thus enabling a clearer recommendation and better understanding of the issue. ABSTRACT products Therefore seedlings canopy support water uptake therefore growth cutting substrate rootstocks plants highquality high quality data information answers Furthermore issue

Resumo O gênero Tibouchina apresenta aproximadamente 350 espécies, dentre elas, Tibouchina affinis fothergillae, Tibouchina heteromalla, Tibouchina moricandiana var. vinaceae e Tibouchina sellowiana. Por se tratarem de espécies nativas do Brasil, podem ser utilizadas para revegetação de áreas antropizadas, devido à característica pioneira. A presente pesquisa objetivou estudar a propagação vegetativa via miniestaquia, utilizando ácido indol butírico (AIB) e ácido fúlvico (AF), bem como realizar determinações bioquímicas e quantificar a produtividade de minicepas destas espécies. Os propágulos foram coletados de um minijardim clonal, nos meses de abril, junho, setembro e novembro/2017, confeccionados com 5+1 cm de comprimento, corte em bisel na base e reto no ápice, mantendo-se um par de folhas reduzidas à metade. As bases das miniestacas foram submetidas aos tratamentos: 0 mg L-1AIB/AF, 2000 mg L-1AIB, 2000 mg L-1AF e 2000 mg L-1AIB+AF. O experimento foi instalado utilizando-se tubetes de 53 cm³ com vermiculita, avaliados após 33 dias de permanência em casa de vegetação, considerando-se a porcentagem de enraizamento das miniestacas. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, num esquema fatorial de 4x4 (quatro épocas de coleta x quatro tratamentos), conduzido individualmente/espécie. As espécies não responderam aos tratamentos com AIB/AF. Nas diferentes épocas de coleta dos propágulos, o enraizamento foi superior a 95% para todas as espécies em abril, setembro e novembro, exceto para Tibouchina sellowiana com 49% de enraizamento no mês de novembro, demonstrando o efeito direto das condições ambientais as quais as plantas matrizes estavam sujeitas, sob a rizogênese. Conclui-se que não há necessidade da aplicação de AIB/AF para a propagação vegetativa das diferentes espécies de Tibouchina, sendo viável o uso da técnica de miniestaquia. Visando a maior produtividade de miniestacas, recomenda-se coletar os propágulos em abril para Tibouchina affinis fothergillae e Tibouchina moricandiana var. vinaceae, em novembro para Tibouchina heteromalla e em junho para Tibouchina sellowiana.

Abstract Tibouchina gene showed approximately 350 species, among these, Tibouchina affinis fothergillae, Tibouchina heteromalla, Tibouchina moricandiana var. vinaceae, Tibouchina sellowiana, are native species of Brazil, were used for revegetation in anthropized areas, due to the pioneerinh chacacteristic. The present research aimed to study rhizogenic from the technique of plant propagation by minicutting with the use of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and fulvic acid (FA), biochemical determinations, in addition to the ministumps production. The minicuttings were sampled in april, june, september and november and prepared with 5+1 cm length, bevel cut at the base and straight in the apical portion, keeping two leaves reduced to half. The bases of the minicuttings were to put to different treatments: 0 mg L-1 IBA/FA, 2000 mg L-1 IBA, 2000 mg L-1 FA and 2000 mg L-1 IBA+FA. The installation was in tubes with 53 cm3 with vermiculite, evaluating after 33 days of stay in the greenhouse, analyzed the rooting percentage of minicutting. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial of 4x4 (4 sample x 4 treatments). Rooting was greater than 95% for all species in the samples held in april, september and november, except to Tibouchina sellowiana with 49% of rooting in the month of November, showing the direct effect of the environment under the rizogenic. Concluded was unnecessary supplementation with exogenous IBA and FA for technical minicutting of different Tibouchina species. The production of minicutting was viable in april for Tibouchina affinis fothergillae and Tibouchina moricandiana var. vinaceae, in november Tibouchina heteromalla and june Tibouchina sellowiana.

Resumo Aegiphila brachiata Vell., conhecida como peloteiro, é uma espécie arbustivo-arbórea nativa do bioma Mata Atlântica do sul e sudeste brasileiro, com potencial para reflorestamento de áreas degradadas, como planta alimentícia e medicinal. Contudo, existem poucos trabalhos que elucidem sua propagação, tanto sexuada como assexuada. Visando a elaboração de um protocolo de propagação vegetativa de A. brachiata, objetivouse avaliar a viabilidade da técnica de estaquia a partir de ramos herbáceos (Experimento I) e semilenhosos (Experimento II). O material foi coletado a partir de 20 árvores adultas no município de Bocaiuva do Sul (Paraná, Brasil). Para ambos os experimentos, as estacas foram coletadas na primavera (outubro/2019) e verão (janeiro/2020) e submetidas a tratamentos com ácido indol butírico (IBA) (0, 3000, 6000, 9000, 12000 mg L-1), sendo mantidas em casa de vegetação por 60 dias. Foram avaliadas as variáveis: porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, número e comprimento das três maiores raízes por estaca, porcentagem de estacas vivas, com calos, mortas e manutenção das folhas nas estacas. No Experimento I, a taxa de sobrevivência foi ao redor de 20 %. As duas estações do ano apresentaram diferença significativa para formação de calos, que foi maior durante o verão (17,7 % contra 4,3 % na primavera). A aplicação de IBA, nas condições estudadas, não levou a nenhuma diferença significativa nas variáveis analisadas. O Experimento II apresentou 100 % de mortalidade. Não foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios para a propagação da espécie devido à baixa taxa de enraizamento. Sendo assim, não foi possível determinar um protocolo viável de estaquia para Aegiphila brachiata.

Abstract Aegiphila brachiata Vell. (Lamiaceae), known as peloteiro, is a shrub-tree species native to Mata Atlântica from the southern region of Brazil, with a potential use for reforestation of degraded areas, as food and as medicinal plant. However, there are few studies that elucidate its propagation, both sexual and asexual. In this study, we seek to elaborate a protocol for the vegetative propagation by cuttings of A. brachiata. For this, two experiments were installed: herbaceous cuttings (Experiment I) and semi-hard cuttings (Experiment II). The material was collected from 20 adult trees in Bocaiuva do Sul (Paraná, Brazil). Both experiments were collected in two seasons: spring (October/2019) and summer (January/2020). The cuttings were treated with different concentrations of indole butyric acid (IBA) (0 mg L-1; 3000 mg L-1; 6000 mg L-1; 9000 mg L-1; 12000 mg L-1) and maintained during 60 days in a green house. The variables analyzed were: percentage of rooted cuttings, number and length of the three longer roots per cutting, percentage of cuttings alive, with callus, dead, with buds and maintenance of leaves. On Experiment I, the survival rate was 20 %. A significant difference was observed in the seasons for callus formation, that was higher during summer (17.7 % against 4,3 % during spring). The application of IBA, under the studied conditions, did not lead to any significant difference in the analyzed variables. Experiment II showed 100 % mortality. Therefore, it was not possible to determine a viable cutting protocol for Aegiphila brachiata due to the low rooting rate.

Resumo Araucaria angustifolia é uma conífera nativa do Brasil de grande importância econômica. É característica da espécie a dificuldade de quebra de dominância apical e indução/crescimento de brotações múltiplas, levando a dificuldades na produção de brotações para miniestaquia e formação de copa com arquitetura mais baixa e aberta para produção de pinhão em pomares. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência da aplicação de giberelina, o sombreamento e diferentes alturas de poda na superação da dominância apical em mudas de araucária. Mudas com aproximadamente 4 anos de idade foram submetidas a três experimentos implantados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo eles a aplicação de giberelina (0 mg L-1 GA3 e 500 mg L-1 GA3), o sombreamento (pleno sol e casa de sombra) e diferentes alturas de poda (30 cm e 60 cm) a partir do colo das mudas. A aplicação de GA3 promoveu menor número de brotações que o tratamento testemunha (0 mg L-1 GA3). Não houve influência do sombreamento no comprimento das brotações. A poda realizada a 30 cm promoveu maior número de brotações. Dessa forma, concluise que a decepa a 30 cm é indicada para produção de brotações múltiplas em A. angustifolia, não sendo necessária aplicação de GA3 e nem sombreamento das mudas para o crescimento das brotações.

Abstract Araucaria angustifolia is a native Brazilian conifer of great economic importance. The difficulty of breaking apical dominance and induction/growth of multiple shoots is characteristic of the species, leading to difficulties in the production of mini-cuttings and formation of a lower open canopy for pinion production in orchards. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of gibberellin application, shading and different pruning heights in overcoming the apical dominance in araucaria seedlings. Seedlings with approximately 4 years old were submitted to three experiments, which were the application of gibberellin (0 mg L-1 GA3 and 500 mg L-1 GA3); shading (full sun and shade house) and different pruning heights (30 cm and 60 cm) from the seedling neck. The application of GA3 promoted smaller number of shoots than the control treatment (0 mg L-1 GA3). There was no influence of shading on shoot length. Pruning at 30 cm promoted the largest number of shoots. Thus, it can be concluded that the cutoff at 30 cm is indicated for the production of multiple shoots in A. angustifolia, neither GA3 application nor seedling shading are necessary for shoot growth.

ABSTRACT. Grafting is an alternative method for the early production of Araucaria angustifolia seeds, and welding quality is essential for the success of the technique. The objective of this study was to create a classification of welding quality to estimate the percentage of scion survival. The patch and flute grafting techniques were used in a greenhouse and in the field. Survival was evaluated 270 days after grafting (DAG). At 60 DAG, observations of the graft connection region were made with the naked eye, classifying the connections into four welding classes. After 160 DAG, transverse cuts were performed on each class and visually and anatomically evaluated. Flute grafting presented higher initial survival (79%), but at 180 DAG, the survival rate of both techniques was similar (48% for flute and 41% for patch). There was greater scion survival for the class that had only two regions in contact with discontinuity in the bark. Stabilization of survival occurred after 180 DAG, regardless of the welding class. Visually, there were differences in welding quality; however, anatomically, all classes presented vascular connections. The visual welding quality assessment underestimated the percentage of scion survival. However, the vascular connection and development of parenchymatous tissue are promising for diagnosing grafting success.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os métodos galharia, cobertura por plástico preto, herbicida e poleiro artificial na regeneração natural de espécies nativas em área com pastagem de Urochloa. O experimento foi conduzido entre fevereiro de 2014 e fevereiro de 2016 na Floresta Ombrófila Densa, no município de Morretes, no estado do Paraná, Brasil. Os tratamentos foram: herbicida, herbicida + poleiro, cobertura por plástico preto, cobertura por plástico preto + poleiro, galharia + herbicida, galharia + herbicida + poleiro e testemunha. As avaliações foram realizadas aos 4, 8, 12, 18 e 24 meses após a instalação do experimento, com contagem e identificação das espécies lenhosas regenerantes e estimativa visual do percentual de cobertura por herbáceas. Inicialmente, a galharia e a cobertura por plástico preto reduziram as gramíneas Urochloa; entretanto, com o decorrer do tempo, esse efeito se perdeu devido ao rápido crescimento das gramíneas das bordas para o centro das parcelas. O uso de poleiros nos tratamentos não possibilita incremento significativo de outras espécies, em razão da permanência das condições inibidoras ao estabelecimento das plântulas. O herbicida é eficiente para remover as gramíneas; contudo, o recrutamento de espécies lenhosas somente é satisfatório com o uso de poleiros para atração da fauna dispersora. Para o sucesso da restauração ecológica em pastagens, há a necessidade de eliminação local das gramíneas Urochloa.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of brushwood, black plastic mulch, herbicide, and artificial perch on the natural regeneration of native species in Urochloa grassland. The experiment was conducted between February 2014 and February 2016 in the Dense Ombrophilous Forest, in the municipality of Morretes, in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The treatments were: herbicide, herbicide + perch, black plastic mulch, black plastic mulch + perch, brushwood + herbicide, brushwood + herbicide + perch, and a control treatment. The evaluations were carried out at 4, 8, 12, 18, and 24 months after the installation of the experiment, by counting and identifying regenerating woody species and estimating visually the percentage of herbaceous coverage. Initially, brushwood and black plastic mulch reduced the Urochloa grasses; however, this effect was lost over time due to the rapid growth of the grasses from the edges to the center of the plots. The use of perches in the treatments does not allow a significant increase of other species because of the continued inhibiting conditions for the establishment of seedlings. The herbicide is effective in removing the grasses; however, the recruitment of woody species is only satisfactory when perches are used to attract the dispersing fauna. For a successful ecological restoration of pastures, there is a need for the local elimination of Urochloa grasses.

SUMMARY: Plants producing fruits for many months of the year, or at times when few species bear fruits, are highly valuable for restoration of degraded ecosystems due to their ability to attract and support dispersing fauna. An example of this are native fig trees such as Ficus enormis. Thus, in view of the difficulties for F. enormis seedlings production, we aimed at developing a method of cuttings propagation by evaluating the rooting and root vigor of cuttings from a field clonal garden. The experiment was established between June/2015 and May/2016 at Laboratory of Forest Species Propagation of Embrapa Florestas, in Colombo-PR. We evaluated collection of cuttings during three seasons (winter, spring and summer) and application of concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid - IBA (0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 mg L-1). After 45 days of cuttings establishment in an acclimatized greenhouse, the best results for rooting, number of roots, average length of the three largest roots per cutting and maintenance of leaves and shoots were found in spring and summer. Using plant regulator did not influence the rooting or root vigor of propagules; the time of the year was the predominant factor to induce rooting. The results show that the cuttings technique with propagules from a clonal garden is efficient for producing F. enormis plants and can serve as a basis for the species propagation.

RESUMEN: Las plantas que producen frutos durante muchos meses del año, o en momentos en que pocas especies dan frutos, son de gran valor para la restauración de ecosistemas degradados debido a su capacidad para atraer y apoyar la fauna dispersora. Un ejemplo de esto son las higueras nativas como Ficus enormis. Por las dificultades para la producción de plántulas de F. enormis, fue evaluada la propagación de esquejes mediante enraizamiento y vigor de sus raíces de un jardín clonal de campo. El experimento se estableció entre junio/2015 y mayo/2016 en el Laboratorio de Propagación de Especies Forestales de Embrapa Florestas, en Colombo-PR. Se evaluó la recolección de esquejes durante tres estaciones (invierno, primavera y verano) y la aplicación de concentraciones de ácido indol-3-butírico - IBA (0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 mg L-1). Después de 45 días de establecimiento de esquejes en un invernadero climatizado, los mejores resultados para el enraizamiento, el número de raíces, la longitud promedio de las tres raíces más grandes por corte, el mantenimiento de las hojas y los brotes se encontraron en primavera y verano. El uso del regulador de la planta no influyó en el enraizamiento y el vigor de las raíces de los propágulos, y la época del año fue el factor predominante para inducir el enraizamiento. Los resultados muestran que la técnica de esquejes con propágulos de un jardín clonal es eficiente para producir plantas de F. enormis y puede servir como base para la propagación de esta especie.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la viabilidad de la técnica de miniestacas de Ginkgo biloba, así como la influencia de diferentes sustratos y diferentes concentraciones de ácido indolbutírico (IBA) en la formación de raíces adventicias además del contenido de proteínas y azúcares en las miniestacas. Las miniestacas tenían 4 ± 1 cm de longitud, y sus bases se sumergieron en soluciones de 0, 1000, 2000 y 3000 mg L-1 IBA. Luego las miniestacas se plantaron en tubos de polipropileno usando dos sustratos (vermiculita y Tropstrato®), bajo condiciones de invernadero durante 60 d. El experimento se llevó a cabo en un esquema factorial 2 x 4 (sustratos x IBA). No hubo influencia de la aplicación de IBA en la promoción de la rizogénesis de las miniestacas de Ginkgo biloba. Los porcentajes de enraizamiento fueron superiores al 55%, independientemente del tratamiento utilizado. El sustrato de vermiculita mostró un mayor número de raíces (4.94) y menor mortalidad (11.60) de miniestacas que el Tropstrato®. Por lo tanto, se puede concluir que la técnica de miniestaca es factible para Ginkgo biloba,y que el uso de IBA no es necesario. Se encontró que la inducción de raíces adventicias depende de la composición bioquímica de las plantas madre, debido a la translocación de azúcares no reductores y proteínas de la hoja para la formación de las raíces.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the viability of the Ginkgo biloba mini-cutting technique, as well as the influence of substrates and different concentrations of indole butyric acid (IBA) on adventitious rooting in addition to the protein and sugar content in the mini-cutting. Mini-cuttings were 4 ± 1 cm in length, with the bases immersed in solutions of 0, 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg L-1 IBA. They were then planted in polypropylene tubes using two substrates (vermiculite and Tropstrato®) and maintained under greenhouse conditions for 60 d. The experiment was carried out with a 2 x 4 factorial scheme (substrates x IBA). There was no influence of IBA application on the promotion of rhizogenesis in Ginkgo biloba mini-cuttings. The rooting percentages were higher than 55% regardless of the treatment used. The vermiculite substrate showed a higher number of roots (4.94) and lower mortality (11.60) of mini-cuttings than Tropstrato®. We conclude that the mini-cutting technique is feasible for Ginkgo biloba, and the use of IBA is not necessary. We found that the induction of adventitious rooting depended on the biochemical composition of the mother plants, due to the translocation of non-reducing sugars and leaf proteins for root formation.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the germination potential of Aegiphila brachiata (peloteiro) and its propagation through stem-cuttings, as well as how the age of parental plants and the application indolebutyric acid (IBA) and inoculant of Azospirillum brasilense influence adventitious rooting of the species. Thus, the physical characterization of a seed lot and a germination test were performed, both with or without seed scarification and at three gibberellin concentrations (0, 50 and 100 mg.L-1 GA3). For stem-cuttings, two experiments were carried out with cuttings, one with young individuals and the other with adult trees. In both experiments, stem-cuttings were submitted to treatments with IBA (0, 1500, 3000 and 6000 mg.L-1) and a solution of Azospirillum brasilense (50% and 100% of the commercial concentration) for rooting in a greenhouse for 30 days. No seeds germinated and a barrier of radicle emission was identified in the endocarp. The inoculation of stem-cuttings with A. brasilense revealed no influence in rhizogenesis. The stem-cutting technique from young trees is recommended for plantlet production of this species (53.75% rooting), requiring 6000 mg.L-1 IBA application under the conditions that were adopted. Stem-cuttings from adult trees are not recommended for the production of plantlets of peloteiro (Aegiphila brachiata Vell.) due to the low rooting rates (10%) and high mortality (68.33%).

Resumo O uso de espécies nativas brasileiras para fins ornamentais é uma alternativa promissora para a floricultura local. Buscando contribuir com novas informações neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de enraizamento de miniestacas de três espécies de Tibouchina (T. aff. fothergillae, T. heteromalla e T. moricandiana var. vinacea) com o uso de ácido indol butírico (AIB) e ácido fúlvico (AF). Miniestacas com 5 cm de comprimento foram preparadas com material vegetal oriundo de minijardins clonais e submetidas a diferentes tratamentos: tratamento controle (T1); 2.000 mg L-1 de AIB (T2); 2.000 mg L-1 de AF (T3); 2.000 mg L-1 de AIB + 2.000 mg L-1 de AF (T4). O plantio foi realizado em tubetes plásticos preenchidos com vermiculita e, após 26 dias em casa de vegetação, foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: porcentagem de enraizamento das miniestacas (RP), número de raízes (RN), comprimento de raízes (RL), manutenção das folhas iniciais (ILM) e brotação (SP). O experimento foi conduzido num delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 4, com quatro repetições e 20 miniestacas por parcela. Os percentuais de enraizamento foram superiores a 90% para as três espécies, independentemente dos tratamentos com AIB ou AF. RP, ILM e SP não apresentaram interação estatisticamente significativa entre os tratamentos. Para RN, T2 e T4 promoveram os melhores resultados em T. aff. fothergillae (12,62 e 14,92, respectivamente) e T2 resultou em valores máximos para T. heteromalla (15,65). Para RL, T2 e T4 foram estatisticamente superiores em T. heteromalla (9,52 e 8,20 cm, respectivamente). O uso de AIB e AF é dispensável para indução de rizogênese em miniestacas das espécies estudadas.

Abstract The use of Brazilian native species for ornamental purposes is a promising alternative for local floriculture. Seeking to contribute with new information in this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the rooting performance of mini-cuttings from three Tibouchina species (T. aff. fothergillae, T. heteromalla and T. moricandiana var. vinacea) as affected by the use of indolebutyric acid (IBA) and fulvic acid (FA). Mini-cuttings with 5 cm in length were prepared with plant material from clonal mini-hedges and submitted to different treatments as follows: control treatment (T1); 2,000 mg L-1 IBA (T2); 2,000 mg L-1 FA (T3) and 2,000 mg L-1 IBA + 2,000 mg L-1 FA (T4). Planting was carried out in plastic containers filled with vermiculite, and, after 26 days under greenhouse conditions, the following variables were evaluated: mini-cuttings rooting percentage (RP), roots number (RN), roots length (RL), initial leaves maintenance (ILM) and sprouting (SP). The experiment was conducted under a completely randomized design in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme, with four replications and 20 minicuttings per plot. Rooting percentages were higher than 90% in all three species, regardless of IBA or FA treatments. RP, ILM and SP did not show statistically significant interaction between the treatments. For RN, T2 and T4 promoted the best results on T. aff. fothergillae (12.62 and 14.92, respectively) and T2 resulted in maximum values for T. heteromalla (15.65). For RL, T2 and T4 were statistically superior on T. heteromalla (9.52 and 8.20 cm, respectively). The use of IBA and FA is dispensable for rhizogenesis induction on mini-cuttings from the studied species.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the technical feasibility of budding in A. angustifolia in two rootstocks establishment, performed in two seasons of the year. In October and April, patch and flute budding techniques were carried on rootstocks kept indoor (greenhouse) and established outdoor (field), with grafts of adult female plants. The percentage of survival, percentage of shoots and number of shoots up to 300 days after budding (DAB) were evaluated. The patch budding performed in October showed the greatest grafts survival rates (82%) and percentage of shoots in the grafts (64%) at 180 DAB. The flute budding showed highest number of shoots (2.7 at 120 DAB and 3.5 at 180 DAB) when compared to patch budding. The use of the patch budding is recommended in spring, not requiring a controlled environment for the rootstocks. After 180 DAB there were no losses of grafted plants.

RESUMO Ilex paraguariensis é uma espécie florestal que apresenta múltiplas potencialidades, sendo utilizada na indústria alimentícia, farmacêutica e cosmética. Contudo, a propagação seminal da espécie é limitada devido à baixa (inferior a 20%) e desuniforme germinação, além do longo período de estratificação das sementes (de quatro a seis meses) necessário para a quebra da dormência embrionária. Diante do potencial uso da miniestaquia como técnica alternativa para superar tais limitações, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do ácido indolbutírico (IBA) no enraizamento de miniestacas de erva-mate coletadas nas quatro épocas do ano (de julho/2014 a maio/2015). As miniestacas foram confeccionadas com 6 cm (± 1 cm) de comprimento e duas folhas reduzidas à metade e, a porção basal dos propágulos foi imersa durante 10 segundos em diferentes soluções hidroalcoólicas de ácido indolbutírico (0, 2000, 4000, 6000 e 8000 mg L-1). Após 90 dias da permanência do material vegetal em casa de vegetação climatizada, foram avaliados: porcentagem de enraizamento, número de raízes e comprimento médio das três maiores raízes/miniestaca, porcentagem de calogênese, retenção foliar, brotações desenvolvidas e mortalidade. A primavera foi a época mais promissora, proporcionando aproximadamente 70% de enraizamento e, aliada à aplicação de 8000 mg L-1 de IBA, as miniestacas atingiram o maior comprimento (4,3 cm) e número de raízes (9,1) bem como, a menor taxa de calogênese (0%). A coleta das miniestacas na primavera e a aplicação de 8000 mg L-1 de IBA é a mais indicada para miniestaquia de erva-mate.

ABSTRACT Ilex paraguariensis is a forest species that has multiple potentialities, being used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. However, the seminal propagation of the species is difficult due to its low (below 20%) and non-uniform germination and the long period (four to six months) stratification of seeds needed for the breaking of embryo dormancy. The minicutting technique is an alternative to overcome such limitations, therefore this study aimed to evaluate the effect of indolebutyric acid (IBA) on rooting of yerba mate minicuttings collected at different seasons (July/2014 to May/2015). Minicuttings were prepared with 6 cm (± 1 cm) long and two leaves reduced by half and, the basal portion of the propagules was immersed for 10 second in different hydroalcoholic solutions of IBA (0,200,400,6000 and 8000 mg L-1). After 90 days of installation of the experiments, we evaluated the percentage of rooting, root number and average length of three major roots, percentage of callogenesis, leaf retention, developed shoots and mortality. The spring was the most promising season, providing approximately 70% of rooting and coupled the application of 8000 mg L-1 of the IBA the minicuttings reached the greatest length (4.3 cm) and root number (9.1) as well as the lower callus induction rate (0%). The minicutting collection in the spring and 8000 mg L-1 of the IBA is the most indicated for minicutting technique of yerba mate.

RESUMO Buxus sempervirens L., popularmente conhecido como buxinho, é um arbusto lenhoso amplamente utilizado na jardinagem e paisagismo. Um dos fatores mais importantes para a produção comercial de B. sempervirens é a sua propagação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das concentrações de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) no enraizamento adventício de estacas semilenhosas da espécie. Ramos com brotações do ano foram coletados de plantas com aproximadamente 17 anos de idade. As estacas foram confeccionadas com 6 cm de comprimento, contendo 2 folhas na região apical, com corte reto no ápice e corte em bisel na base. A base das estacas foi imersa por 10 segundos em soluções hidroalcoólicas (50% v v-1) com AIB nas concentrações de 0, 1.500, 3.000 e 6.000 mg L-1. As estacas foram avaliadas aos: 64 e 116 dias após o plantio. Foram avaliadas as porcentagens de enraizamento, mortalidade, formação de calos e brotação, número de raízes e comprimento médio das raízes. Na primeira avaliação, aos 64 dias, não se observou porcentagem significativa de enraizamento nas estacas de B. sempervirens, e a formação de calos e brotações não foi significativamente afetada pelos tratamentos. A manutenção das estacas na casa de vegetação por 116 dias proporcionou uma taxa de enraizamento de até 97,5%, não havendo diferença estatística entre os tratamentos. O comprimento das raízes e o número de raízes não diferiram em função dos tratamentos. O período requerido para o enraizamento de estacas de B. sempervirens é de aproximadamente 116 dias. A aplicação de AIB não afeta o enraizamento, sobrevivência e brotação em estacas de B. sempervirens.

ABSTRACT Buxus sempervirens L., popularly known as boxwood, is a woody shrub widely used in gardening and landscaping. One of the most important factors for B. sempervirens commercial production is its propagation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of indolebutyric acid (IBA) concentrations on the adventitious rooting of semihardwood stem cuttings of the species. Branches with new shoots were collected from stock plants with approximately 17 years of growth. Stem cuttings of six centimeters in length with two leaves in the upper region were made with a straight cut at the apex and a bevel cut at the base. Cuttings bases were immersed for 10 seconds in hydroalcoholic solutions (50% v v-1) with IBA at 0, 1500, 3,000 or 6,000 mg L-1. The cuttings were evaluated at 64 and 116 days after planting. Rooting, mortality, callus formation and sprouting percentages as well as root number and root length were measured. At 64 days, no significant percentage of rooting was observed in B. sempervirens stem cuttings and sprouting and callus formation were not significantly affected by the treatments. Keeping the cuttings in the greenhouse for 116 days led to rooting rates up to a 97.5%, with no statistical difference among treatments. Root lengths and root numbers did not differ as a function of treatments. The required period for B. sempervirens stem cuttings rooting is around 116 days; IBA application does not affect rooting, survival or sprouting of B. sempervirens stem cuttings.

Resumo: A compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos na maturação em espécies arbóreas, relacionados principalmente aos efeitos da idade ontogenética, tem contribuído de forma significativa ao processo de propagação vegetativa de espécies nativas, com consequente aplicação da silvicultura clonal. Uma série de metodologias tem sido desenvolvida para o resgate e a propagação vegetativa dessas espécies para fins silviculturais e de restauração ambiental. No entanto, ainda precisam ser mais bem alinhados os tipos e os propósitos da propagação, bem como a escolha dos processos e dos propágulos adequados tendo em vista os objetivos almejados. Além disso, há uma lacuna evidente de conhecimento e um grande potencial referente ao uso de espécies arbóreas nativas na silvicultura clonal brasileira, o que indica a necessidade de maior afinidade entre estudos de propagação vegetativa e do vigor desses materiais em campo. Assim, esta revisão tem por objetivo auxiliar no entendimento das diferentes técnicas e de suas aplicações na propagação vegetativa e na silvicultura clonal de espécies arbóreas nativas, bem como propor uma sequência esquemática das etapas envolvidas nesses processos para fins produtivos e ambientais.

Abstract: Understanding the mechanisms involved in tree species maturation, related mainly to ontogenetic age effects, has contributed significantly to the vegetative propagation process of Brazilian native tree species, with consequent application of clonal forestry. A number of methodologies has been developed to rescue and vegetatively propagate these species for silvicultural and environmental restoration purposes. However, the types and purposes of propagation, as well as the choice of suitable processes and propagules considering the intended objectives, still need to be better aligned. In addition, there is an evident knowledge gap and great potential regarding the use of native tree species in Brazilian clonal forestry, indicating the need of a greater interaction between studies on the vegetative propagation and vigor of these materials in the field. Therefore, this review aims to help understand the different types of techniques used and their application on the vegetative propagation and clonal forestry of Brazilian native tree species, besides proposing a schematic sequence of the stages involved in these processes for productive and environmental purposes.